Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria Progress and Challenges
IR@NEIST: CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat
View Archive InfoField | Value | |
Title |
Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria Progress and Challenges
|
|
Creator |
Thakur, D
Baishya, M Sarma, B Bora, T C SAIKIA , R |
|
Subject |
Biotechnology
|
|
Description |
Serious infections caused by bacteria that have become resistant to commonly used
antibiotics have become a major global healthcare problem in the 21st century.
Antibiotic resistance, initially a problem of the hospital setting associated with an
increased number of hospitals acquired infections usually in critically ill and
immuno-suppressed patients, has now extended into the community causing severe
infections difficult to diagnose and treat. In hospitals, most common resistant
bacteria include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant
enterococci and gram-negative rods including Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Vancomycin intermediate and resistant S. aureus, represent a new
treatment challenge. In the community, penicillin and macrolide-resistant
pneumococci developed several decades ago and are now present all over the world.
More recently, community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus has become a
problem in several countries causing skin infections but also severe diseases. The
molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics are
diverse and complex. Bacteria have developed resistance to all different classes of
antibiotics discovered to date. The most frequent type of resistance is acquired and
transmitted horizontally via the conjugation of a plasmid. In recent times new
mechanisms of resistance have resulted in the simultaneous development of
resistance to several antibiotic classes creating very dangerous multidrug-resistant
(MDR) bacterial strains, some also known as 18 18superbugs 19 19. In many cases the use of
350
antibiotics is unnecessary or questionable. The indiscriminate and inappropriate use
of antibiotics in outpatient clinics, hospitalized patients and in the food industry is
the single largest factor leading to antibiotic resistance. In recent years, the number
of new antibiotics licensed for human use in different parts of the world has been
lower than in the recent past. In addition, there has been less innovation in the field
of antimicrobial discovery research and development. The pharmaceutical industry,
large academic institutions or the government are not investing the necessary
resources to produce the next generation of newer safe and effective antimicrobial
drugs. In many cases, large pharmaceutical companies have terminated their antiinfective
research programs altogether due to economic reasons. The potential
negative consequences of all these events are relevant because they put society at
risk for the spread of potentially serious MDR bacterial infections.
|
|
Publisher |
New India Publish Agency
|
|
Contributor |
Saikia , R
BEZBARUAH , R L Borah, T C |
|
Date |
2008
|
|
Type |
Book Section
PeerReviewed |
|
Format |
application/pdf
|
|
Identifier |
http://neist.csircentral.net/221/1/2712_2008.pdf
Thakur, D and Baishya, M and Sarma, B and Bora, T C and SAIKIA , R (2008) Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria Progress and Challenges. In: Microbial Biotechnology. New India Publish Agency, New Delhi, pp. 349-375. |
|
Relation |
http://neist.csircentral.net/221/
|
|